Ideas from 'Propositions' by Richard Cartwright [1962], by Theme Structure

[found in 'Philosophical Essays' by Cartwright,Richard [MIT 1987,0-262-53092-9]].

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3. Truth / A. Truth Problems / 5. Truth Bearers
Are the truth-bearers sentences, utterances, ideas, beliefs, judgements, propositions or statements?
Logicians take sentences to be truth-bearers for rigour, rather than for philosophical reasons
9. Objects / F. Identity among Objects / 4. Type Identity
A token isn't a unique occurrence, as the case of a word or a number shows
19. Language / A. Nature of Meaning / 1. Meaning
For any statement, there is no one meaning which any sentence asserting it must have
People don't assert the meaning of the words they utter
19. Language / D. Propositions / 1. Propositions
We can pull apart assertion from utterance, and the action, the event and the subject-matter for each
'It's raining' makes a different assertion on different occasions, but its meaning remains the same
19. Language / D. Propositions / 4. Mental Propositions
We can attribute 'true' and 'false' to whatever it was that was said
To assert that p, it is neither necessary nor sufficient to utter some particular words
19. Language / F. Communication / 2. Assertion
Assertions, unlike sentence meanings, can be accurate, probable, exaggerated, false....